Resources have been exploited, and native populations have been overfished to the point of collapse. As European colonization expanded, landscapes were further modified to mitigate against floods and droughts via the building of dams and levees. Timber was felled for ship building and provisioning for agriculture, resulting in a mass land conversion for the purposes of crop cultivation. Invasive species were thus introduced into the Americas, displacing native inhabitants. ![]() Settlers brought with them diseases, animals, and plants via the Columbian Exchange, from the old world to the new, facilitating a process of biological globalization. When Europeans first set foot on this continent some five hundred years ago, the environment was ineradicably changed. Numerous anthropogenic factors, historical and contemporary, have contributed to declines in the abundance and diversity of freshwater fishes in North America.
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